The rate of rReaction Essay Example for Free

The rate of rReaction Essay These results also support my prediction and I believe that the collision theory is quite accurate even though it is only a theory as it gives a very good explanation of what should happen and it has happened in my experiment. I am going to include 0. 25M in my main experiment as I believe that this will give a better range of results and also increase the accuracy of my results. I will keep the amount of time the same as I believe it was the best amount of time to get an accurate reading. I will do my main experiment results to one decimal place as I believe that this will give me the most precise results. When reading the amount of gas in the cylinder I will take any number that is whole e. g. 14 to be 14. 0. To improve my reliability I will repeat each concentration three times as I believe this will give me a reliable average. Results Table Results To Show How Much Gas Is Given Off In 5 Minutes Volume of Gas Collected (cm ) Time in minutes Test Concentration Test Any number highlighted are not counted in the average as I believe that the are either to high, to low or do not fit into the pattern. Result that I believe is causing the results for this time to be inaccurate. ( see level of confidence) I will not include this result in my new average. I have found out that 2M is the best strength of hydrochloric acid to use when you want a fast reaction, as it released the most gas in 5 minutes compared to 0.5M, 1M and 1. 5M. I can make the statement the stronger/higher molar(M) the acid the faster the reaction and the weaker/lower molar(M) the acid the slower the reaction. Conclusion I conclude 2M is the best concentration of acid. You can see this on my graph, my graph shows that 2M is the best concentration of acid out of all the ones that I tested as it had the quickest reaction time compared to all of the other concentrations. You can see this from the graph as 2M has got the steepest slope. I believe that the activation energy (see background information for detailed explanation) has effected my results. I believe that the concentration of the acid makes it easier for the particles to react. But what does this have to do with the activation energy? Each molecule has a certain amount of energy and for the molecule to react it must collide with another molecule. It must also generate more energy that it already has. In a low concentrated solution, there are less molecules so it hard for a molecule to find other molecules to collide with, but in a high concentrated solution collisions are more frequent and even if the molecule does not collide with enough energy to react it will soon hit another molecule and have a high possibility of reacting. I predicted that the 2. 0 molar acid would have the quickest reaction time and the 0. 25 molar would have the slowest reaction time I also said that the other concentrations would go in order of their concentrations, the higher the concentration the more gas there will be released and the lower the concentration the less gas there will be released. I believe my predictions were accurate as I based them on the collision theory and even though it is a theory I believe it is an accurate theory and explains what is believed to happen when reactions take place very well. 0. 5M and 1M start off wrong in my opinion as until 3 minutes 0. 5M had released more gas where as I believe according to the collision theory 1M should have released more gas and reacted faster, but in the end 1M released more gas. This also happened in the first 30 seconds of the 0. 25M where it also released more gas than the 1M. This leads me to believe that the 1M may have been the wrong concentration. It is because of this reason I am going to work out the confidence levels for my results. I will take 0 as 100% accurate and 100 as 0% accurate. Level Of Confidence I am going to work out the inaccuracy of my results I will do this by doing the sum Range multiplied by 100= level of inaccuracy Average I have chosen to do the inaccuracy of time   as I believe that I can get a good reading of how inaccurate my results are by doing a selected number of times. Time Concentration Range of gas Average Amount of Times Equals (minutes) of acid(M) released(cm ) gas released(cm ). I am going to look at   my results table and 1 Level of confidence for sum that I believed was inaccurate I have now changed the range of the gas released at 4. 5 minutes.   This inaccuracy level is a lot lower than the other one. This means that that volume of gas released was to low, many things could have caused this . e. g. the temperature of the room could have been lower than when I did the other two experiments. Evaluation I believe my results are quite accurate and would be considered reliable as non of my results have a high inaccuracy level or have a 50% chance of being wrong. I have highlighted the results that I believe are wrong on my results table and have not included them in my averages. On my graph my points go up in curves or in some sort of curve. I have joined all of the point on my graph together but on some of my curves I have done a curve of best fit, I have done this because it will show me if any results are slightly wrong. If you look at the green curve for 0. 5M you will see that the points at 2 and 2. 5 minutes look slightly to high, the curve of best fit shows where the points should have been. The trend I see from the graph is that the higher the concentration of the hydrochloric acid the steeper the slop of the graph is. I believe that the way in which I carried out my experiment was good as I followed my method exactly. To improve the accuracy of my method I could have said I would use a bulb pipette or a graduate pipette as these are more accurate than a measuring cylinder, I could make sure that the marble chips all have the same surface area because the marble chips with the bigger surface areas could have reacted more than the marble chips with the smaller surface areas. I could have also make sure that the room was the same temperature for each experiment because if the room was hot for one experiment and cold for another then the results would be inaccurate as the molecules would have been moving and reacting at different speeds. The results I have support my conclusion and my prediction, as what I predicted would happen did happen. The order of the concentrations for the most gas released in 5 minutes was also accurate, as it was in the order that I predicted. To extend my investigation I could test if the temperature had any effect on the amount of gas released, I believe this would provide me with the relevant information about what the optimum temperature is for a reaction to take place. I could then test the optimum concentration and the optimum temperature together and see how much gas is released in 5 minutes and compare it to the separate results of the concentration and temperature. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Moving and Literature :: Moving Immigration Essays

Moving and Literature Since I was six, my mother, sister and I have been moving to different places. Whether these were permanent moves or not, they have impacted me. The first of all moves was to an entirely different country, from Peru to U.S.A. I left my extended family, friends and surroundings behind for an unknown place. Although it was a dramatic change for me, I realize now how much that first change has influenced me in many ways. It has changed the way I view myself, and the way I tackle new experiences. A famous man once said, â€Å"America is my country, but Paris is my hometown.† I believe he too shared my feelings, that one can love two places equally yet differently without being partial to either one of them. When I compare all the places I have ever been to, I find that each one has left a unique trace in me. I do not find any one superior although they all stand out in their own way. Richard Ford, author of I Must Be Going, offers a different view to this argument: â€Å"It may simply and finally be the way most people feel when they are settled is the way I feel when I move: safe and in possession of myself†(111). Ford explains to the reader that the way he lives his life, frequently changing locations, is what his life is all about. The restrictions of having to stay in one place for the rest of his life is a frightening thought. Ford presents a good point; he believes that home is literally where the heart is. He feels at home when he is in the company of his family, not when he is in familiar four walls, like many do. I do not believe in Ford’s nomadic lifestyle; I like staying in one place, but I want to visit others and travel as often as possible.

My Favorite Player Essay

I have been an ardent admirer of a number of past and present athletes and sportsmen each of whom have won accolades for his outstanding skill in and grasp on a particular sport. They include renowned personalities from India and abroad who have outshone themselves in games and sports like boxing, diving, swimming, weightlifting, archery, badminton, cricket, hockey, tennis etc. Among the sportsmen who have impressed me a lot at one time or the other, the main names are of Mohammad Ali (Cassius Clay), Jaysuriya, Imran Khan, Nawab Pataudi, Sunl Gavaskar, Kapil Dev, Sachin Tendulkar, Prakash Padukone, Gopi Chand, P.T. Usha, Jaspal Rana, Capriati and Milkha Singh, also known as the Flying Singh. But the brightest star in the galaxy of all these famous names is Sachin Tendulkar, a present-day craze amongst the cricket lovers all over the world. He is an astonishing wizard of this highly popular game and has already got his name recorded amongst the four leading names of top batsmen. They are Sir Vivian Richards, Garfield Sobers, Graemen Pollock and, of course, Tendulkar. While on the field, he seems to be possessed by the All Powerful. Owing to his form, unusual game and great capacity to outmaneuver his opponents, his friends admire him in reverence; his rivals lose their guts and stamina at his sight; youngsters adore him and the elderly shower their blessings on him. Leaving his past record-breaking performances aside, we can mention his latest surprises at Centurion in South Africa for assuring his team the entry into the Super Six in the World Cup. With 98 off 75 at a terrific speed, he put India through to the Super Six and Pakistan out of the World Cup. The same day, he completed 12,000 runs in ODIs and became the first to make 1500 runs in the history of the World Cup. The Master Blaster tamed Akhtar in less than two over and left everyone speechless with his stunning assault. The happiest crowning moment in Sachin’s career was witnessed in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Sunday, March 23, 2003. It was the closing day of World Cup Jamboree, where the Master Blaster was given the prestigious the man of the tournament award. He had scored 673 runs at an average of 61.18 in the tournament, a new record aggregate, with one century and six 50s. Dr. Ali Bacher, Executive director of CWC 2003, had correctly remarked, â€Å"We wanted this to be the Best World Cup ever, and Sachin’s brilliant batting has helped the tournament captivate many millions of people around the cricketing world.† Sachin is a rare gem for his innumerable fans all over the world. He is one of the youngest players, is exceptionally smart and agile, is quick in his response and has unusual physical talents. He has outstanding balance, is highly competitive, has rare speed and is gifted with exceptional temperament. He has the desire to be the best and has unmatchable mental ability. He plays well against quality, pace and spins. His clashes with Shane Warne in Australia have provided some excellent theatre. His record in the past games is just superb which makes him a true champion in the world of cricket in the real sense.

Intercultural communication with the peterson family Essay

After a year of living with my brother, I moved in to live with the Peterson family in Montclair, California. Jason Peterson was a physics professor at the University of California at Berkeley while Mary Peterson was a schoolteacher. Living with the Peterson family made me grapple with the difference between American and Afghan culture. The American way of expressing affection in public and open intimate relationships at first shocked me. Afghans are very personal and private when it comes to displays of affection. Kissing your wife or girlfriend in front of others would be a serious breach of manners. The expression of affection between Jason and Mary when one of them arrived from work used to make me uncomfortable but I eventually got used to it. I still find it truly paradoxical that while Americans openly display affections, the value they accord to privacy and personal space is very high. I could not comprehend why they value privacy when in fact they could not keep intimate shows of affection in private. At first, I would often innocently intrude into the room of Jason to ask something. Or, when he was deep in thought in the living room wrestling with what looked like a work-related task, I would tactlessly start a conversation with him. In situations like those, his reaction would be one of initial shock. Sensing that my act was prompted by my desire to express belonging with the Peterson family, Jason would break into a knowing smile. I knew he could feel my embarrassment, as I did with his own embarrassment for his initial show of displeasure. Becoming aware of the discomfort I caused in those situations, I eventually resolved to keep my distance in those situations and to respect privacy according to American standards. Like most Americans, Mr. Peterson was direct and to the point when discussing matters with his wife. With me, however, he chose to make me learn American social norms through his reaction to what I did or what I was doing. I took cues from his reaction and I was certain that he simply did not want me to feel ashamed of my actuations. After a month, we got to sit down together from time to time. He started asking me about Afghanistan. Being given the chance to share with him the life and cultural practices in Afghanistan seemed to unburden me. Through our conversations, he began to understand me in a different light and I am grateful that those conversations did happen. I also began to understand and accept American culture for what it is. At first, whenever I encountered a seemingly weird American custom from the Afghan viewpoint, I would automatically and mentally scrounge for a similar custom of Afghanistan and attempt to compare them. I eventually realized that this automatic evaluation of American culture that I usually do as some sort of a reflex action is a contributory factor to my resistance to some aspects of American culture and may perhaps even be a hindrance to my assimilation of the host culture. Even if I was close to Mr. Peterson on account of our â€Å"cultural conversations,† I maintained physical and emotional distance from Mrs. Peterson. In hindsight, I also realize that such aloofness on my part did not spring from the fact I did not like her. In fact she was such a very gracious and accommodating lady that sometimes her concern embarrassed me. I still unconsciously carried with me the Afghan notion that another man’s wife or female children are off limits to others. Afghan strictures relating to the marriage bond are much more demanding than those of Americans. Perhaps I was apprehensive that Mr. Peterson would look at my attempts to communicate with his wife from an Afghan standpoint. In this case, I was on the losing end. I could have had a more profound communication level with Mrs. Peterson as I had with her husband if only I did not have such an apprehension at the back of my mind. The American concept of personal space was something that I could not comprehend at all. For Afghans, one’s family extended to almost all relatives unlike the very exclusive nuclear family of Americans. This extends to the use of gadgets and other household items. When my Afghan friends came to visit me in the residence of the Peterson family, some of my Afghan friends unconsciously behaved as though the family that I was with was Afghan. They engaged in horseplay and laughed boisterously which did not sit well with the Petersons, using their reaction as basis. I cautioned my friends who, to my relief, took my admonition seriously. When they all became very quiet on account of my warning, the atmosphere became unbearably silent. The Peterson couple sensed the sudden change of mood and in their embarrassment took pains to make me and my friends feel welcome. Such an event would not have happened if my friends and I had been conscious of the fact that the American concept of family and belonging did not extend to friends and relatives, the way the Afghan concept does.

Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless †Philosophy Essay

Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless Philosophy Essay â€Å"All life involves suffering,† the First Noble Truth of Buddhism. Can anyone in this world deny that they’ve suffered? I can’t. Everyone suffers but it is how we deal with our suffering that makes the difference. Sometimes bad things happen in our lives and most of the time â€Å"for no reason (Job 8).† I find it hard to believe in a good and powerful â€Å"God† that would allow bad things to happen to the good, and especially for no reason. â€Å"†¦God has tricked me, and lured me into his trap. I call but there is no answer; I cry out, and where is justice (Job 48)?† If there is a God I don’t think he is either good or all powerful. For me it is easier to think of there being something else in the world that is more powerful than God, or that there just isn’t a God, than to believe in a God that would let young children be rapped and killed, allow slavery, or let there be a world in which some people live in castles and others die of starvation. â€Å"You said, ‘Suffer little children to come unto me, and harm them not.’ You let them go wanting, sit on road shoulders, crying next to their dead mothers. I’ve seen them charred, lame, halt. You forgot, Lord. You forgot how and when to be God (TM 181).† How can a good God allow this to happen? In The Bluest Eye Pecola, being an eleven year old girl with few friends, and not a very loving home, was rapped by her father. Why? Would a good and all powerful God allow this to happen? I don’t think so, I think it is easier to believe in a God who isn’t good, than to believe in a God that would allow this to happen. Kushner asks us, â€Å"Can suffering be educational (Kush 19)?† I suppose in a way it could be, but what did Pecola have to learn? What did Kushner’s own son, dying so young, have to learn? Or is the suffering so those around them can learn something? And is it even possible to justify a young child being rapped or dying so others can learn something? I can’t believe in a God that would allow that to happen. I learn that our children need to be protected, to be loved, but is that lesson worth all the pain? â€Å"I’d rather suffer every unspeakable suffering God sends, knowing that it was I that suffered, I that earned the need to suffer (JB 123).† J.B. would suffer everything God wanted him to suffer if he just knew that he deserved to suffer, that he did something to cause the suffering. But he wouldn’t want someone else, like a young child, to suffer because of him, or for him to learn from it. I feel the same way. If I did something to deserve the suffering then so be it, but don’t let a young child suffer on my behalf when they are so innocent. There is a song by the band Good Charlotte, and some of the lyrics go; â€Å"But we all bleed the same way as you do. And we all have the same things to go through. Hold on if you feel like letting go. Hold on it gets better than you know. Don’t stop looking, you’re one step closer. Don’t stop searching, it’s not over.† It always makes me think about how we all suffer, there is no one who doesn’t, we need support of others to remind us that we can hold on, that one day it won’t hurt so much, and we don’t suffer alone. But we need to keep searching for what it is that is making us hurt so we can face it and maybe relieve it. I think this relates a lot to what Thich Nhat Hanh tells us about the Buddha. â€Å"We must, first of all, recognize that we are suffering and then determine whether its basis is physical, physiological, or psychological. Our suffering needs to be identified (TNH 29).† â€Å"Do we need to name our sins to know the need to be forgiven (JB 125)?† Do we need to know the reason for our suffering in order to eliminate it? To be able to deal with our suffering, we have to identify our suffering, know why in order to get it out of our hearts and lives. In The Book of Job there is a quote that has always stuck with me, â€Å"Can’t he tell right from wrong or keep his accounts in order (Job 73)?† This fits so well with When Bad Things Happen to Good People. Can God not keep track of who in this world is good and should be taken care of, and those that are bad and should be punished? â€Å"†¦because God is a righteous judge who gives them exactly what they deserve (Kush 9).† But did Pecola deserve to be rapped? Did Rabbi Kushner’s son deserve to die at such a young age? Did Lupe, in One Day of Life, deserve to have her family killed because they were fighting for their rights? What could a young, innocent, child do to deserve such a terrible incident, and death? When people are fighting to be free, to live with equal rights, do they deserve to be killed? These are questions I ask myself almost every day, and I can’t answer them. Not without contradicting everything I have ever been taught about God. That God is all powerful, that God is good and just. But if God is good and loving then why do the good suffer? And if God is all powerful, than why do he allow the good suffer? If there is free will in our lives and God doesn’t want to change that then is he really good if he would let his children suffer? If he is all powerful than is he a good God if he chooses not to stop the suffering? â€Å"God has a pattern into which all of our lives fit. His pattern requires that some lives be twisted, knotted, or cut short, while others extend to impressive lengths, not because one thread is more deserving than another, but simply because the pattern requires it (Kush 18).† But this pattern still wouldn’t work, because if God was good then why would he create a pattern in which people suffered for no reason? Ever since I was really able to think for myself I have struggled with so many of these questions. Even know I still can’t really answer them. â€Å"I heard upon his dry dung heap that man cry out who cannot sleep: ‘If God is God he is not good, if God is good he is not God (JB 11).† How can you get more specific than this? It is perfect in explaining God. If he is God than he is not good if he allows all the suffering to occur and if he is good he’s not God, not all powerful, if he can’t stop the suffering. â€Å"Thinking is the speech of our mind. Right Thinking makes our speech clear and beneficial. Because thinking often leads to action, Right Thinking is needed to take us down the path of Right Action (TNH 59).† In order to deal with the suffering around us we need to have the right thoughts about it to be able to act and deal with the suffering in our lives. There is a story about a family with a young boy, who had to have there sick dog put to sleep. They decided to have their son present with them when the dog was put down. Afraid he would be sad and not understand they asked him how he felt about his dog dying. He responded, â€Å"God put people on earth to learn how to love, be kind, and treat people good. Dogs already know how to do this so they don’t have to live as long.† Thich Nhat Hanh tells us, â€Å"When you practice Right View and Right Thinking, you dwell deeply in the present moment, where you can touch seeds of joy, peace, and liberation, heal and transform your suffering, and be truly present for many others (TNH 63).† I think this story fits great with Thich Nhat Hanh in that if you can get past all the suffering than there is joy, peace, happiness, and love in our lives. We can realize that if we think rightly and we can be happy, even if there has been suffering. J.B. says it, â€Å"We have no choice but to be guilty. God is unthinkable if we are innocent (JB 111).† For me God is unthinkable, how can I believe in a God that would allow good, innocent people to suffer? To deal with the suffering in my life I now believe that if there is a God he isn’t all powerful, and that he isn’t good. He is a God that created man, created this world, and just lets us be. Watching from afar, almost like a movie. In the end we are not judge upon our beliefs and understandings, but on how we deal with the problems and suffering in our lives, and how we choose to live. If we can realize that ALL life involves suffering, and find a way to deal with it to help ourselves and others than we have succeeded in life. I have a quote from class, and I don’t remember where it is from but it is, â€Å"the meaning doesn’t lie in the event itself but in our response to it.† How we respond and deal with our suffering is wha t matters, not the events that caused our suffering. â€Å"Pain hurts more when it feels meaningless.† What this class is all about. I don’t know if I could ever think that people suffer for a reason, that there is meaning to anyone’s suffering; that someone deserves to suffer. Is it possible to do something so evil when you are eleven that you deserve to be rapped by your father? Is it possible to have done something so evil, even before you are born, to deserve being born with a terrible disease? What is the possible meaning to this suffering? What good could possibly come out of this for them that would cause them to stop suffering? What meaning is there to find out of being rapped by your father? Pain is pain; it is going to hurt. I don’t think it is always possible to find meaning in our suffering. Life is full of pain and suffering. That is just the way it is. To believe in a God that is good and all powerful isn’t possible. If he was good he wouldn’t allow all the suffering in to world for no reason. If he was all powerful he should stop the suffering. God is an unthinkable God because he is not all powerful and isn’t good. There is suffering in the world because others cause our suffering, but instead of increasing the suffering in the world we need to try and eliminate ours by realizing that pain is a fact of life, there is no changing it. 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Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning

Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning Pillay Sheryl Amanda Ballen    I will be discussing some important procedures which enable learning. Each and every human being learns any kind of behavior during their life span. There is no human being on earth who does not undergo the process of learning. There are various learning methods through which we obtain beliefs, approaches and skills (Skinner, 1971, cited in Ryckman,2013, p. 361) Here we shall discuss the principles of learning and their uses in daily life. I would like to also demonstrate how behavior modification compares with cognitive processes of learning. Learning What we mean when we say the word â€Å"learning†, we normally mean â€Å"thinking using the brain†. These concepts of learning are the central perspective in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). Mental processes can be explained, as they are predisposed by both internal and external factors, which gradually bring about learning. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that the differen t procedures regarding learning can be described by examining the mental processes first. It suggests that with actual cognitive processes, learning is simpler and new material can be placed in the memory for a long time. However, ineffective cognitive processes affect learning complications which can be seen in a person. Social Cognitive Theory (SLT) There are three variables in social cognitive theory, which are interconnected with each other, for learning to happen, which consist of: Personal factors Environmental factors Behavior factors An individual’s environmental interaction, beliefs, ideas and mental skills are influenced by outside factors such as a caring or uncaring parent, disturbing or healthy environment or a very hot or humid climate. The mental process in a person is affected by his behavior, and environmental interaction, which can also alter the way he thinks. One’s behavior can disturb and change the environment in which he or she lives in. Basic co ncepts of social learning are: Observational Learning Is a form of learning from other people, by means of observing their behavior in an effective way in order to gain knowledge and change behavior. Reproduction Is the method wherein there is a goal to successfully escalate the repeating of a behavior by means of changing the environment to a safer and more comfortable on , within reachable proximate, and to encourage him to remember the new information and behavior learned and to exercise them. Self-efficacy Is the way a person uses the newly learnt knowledge or behavior which he has learnt. Emotional coping is a good coping devices used against demanding environments and negative personal appearances can lead to operational learning, especially in adults Self – regulatory capability is the capability to regulator the behavior even within a negative environment. Classical and operant conditioning are two vital perceptions significant to behavioral psychology. Whil e both result in learning, the procedure is quite different. To understand how each of these behavior modification methods can be used, it is also important to understand how classic conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Classic Conditioning Was developed by the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov, classic conditioning is the first type of learning wherein an organism responds to an environmental stimulus. Pavlov (1927) observed that in classic conditioning, the stimulus (S) triggers the response (R) of an organism. Within the exposure of the organism to the stimulus, reflex(Hermans et.al., 2006, cited in Weiten, 2014, p. 232).

Organization Behaviour Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Behaviour - Research Paper Example Correspondingly, studies have revealed that various factors are associated with the theory of OB, which makes it a multidimensional approach to contemporary management, constituting the perceptions of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job attitudes among others. Among its various dimensions, this research paper will mainly discuss the topic of job attitudes with the focus on investigating the level of both job satisfaction and organizational commitment within a specific business organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. Notably, it is the employees involved in the operational process of any business organization, responsible for the determination of organizational culture. Hence, job attitude amid employees, determined by their job satisfaction degree, can be apparently observed as a crucial facet to enhance their organizational commitment and subsequently, outline the organizational culture (Saari and Judge 396-407). With this concern, the research paper intends to conduct an OB audit of an American healthcare organization, i.e. Kaiser Permanente Northwest. The outline of this research paper has accordingly been structured with a brief overview of this healthcare organization, followed by the analysis of data gathered, to conclude the findings as well as the results obtained from the interviewees. Subsequently, certain recommendations, based on the analysis about how the healthcare organization might address its weaknesses or deficiencies, with respect to the above stated topic and a solid conclusion have also been incorporated in the outline. Kaiser Permanente (KP) is a health care company and America’s leader in formulating effective nonprofit health plans. Established in the year 1945, KP was created to help provide Americans medical care during the situations of Great Depression as well as World War II when health care was unaffordable. As of December 31, 2013, KP has a network of 38 hospitals, approximately 190,000